The Metamorphosis opens with Gregor Samsa, a traveling salesman, waking up to find himself transformed into a giant insect. He lies on his back, his numerous legs flailing helplessly, and his hard, brown carapace preventing him from getting up. Gregor's initial reaction is confusion and concern about missing his train to work. He is the sole breadwinner for his family, and his absence would have dire consequences.
As Gregor struggles to comprehend his transformation, his mother, father, and sister, Grete, become increasingly alarmed by his locked bedroom door. They call out to him, urging him to open it. The chief clerk from Gregor's office arrives, demanding an explanation for his absence. Gregor attempts to speak, but his voice becomes distorted, insect-like, and squeaks, further terrifying his family and the clerk.
Finally, Gregor manages to maneuver himself to the door and open it. The sight of his monstrous form sends his mother into a faint, his father into a rage, and the chief clerk fleeing in terror. Mr. Samsa forces Gregor back into his room with a walking stick and newspaper.
Over the following days, Gregor's family grapples with the reality of his transformation. His mother, initially filled with maternal compassion, is too overwhelmed by his appearance to enter his room. His sister, Grete, takes on the responsibility of caring for him, bringing him food, and cleaning his room. She discovers that Gregor prefers rotten food and enjoys crawling on the walls and ceiling.
As Gregor's condition persists, his family's financial situation deteriorates. They are forced to sell their valuables and take on lodgers to make ends meet. Grete, who had previously been a gentle and caring sister, begins to resent Gregor's presence, seeing him as a burden and an obstacle to their survival.
Gregor, confined to his room, becomes increasingly isolated and depressed. He overhears his family's conversations, listening to their worries and their growing resentment towards him. He longs for human connection but is unable to communicate with them. He finds a strange comfort in crawling on the ceiling, a vestige of his former human self.
One evening, the Samsa family hosts a gathering for their lodgers. Grete, a talented violinist, plays a beautiful piece of music. Gregor, drawn by the music, ventures out of his room. His appearance terrifies the lodgers, who immediately announce their departure and refuse to pay rent.
Grete, now completely exasperated, declares that they must get rid of "it." She insists that Gregor is no longer her brother and that his presence is poisoning their lives. Her words are a devastating blow to Gregor, who realizes that he has become a complete outcast, even within his own family.
Overwhelmed by despair and exhaustion, Gregor returns to his room and dies. His body is discovered the following day by the cleaning woman, who promptly disposes of it. The Samsa family, relieved by Gregor's death, takes a tram ride to the countryside, feeling a renewed sense of hope and freedom.
The story concludes with the family making plans for their future. They decide to move to a smaller apartment and focus on Grete's career. They notice that Grete has blossomed into a beautiful young woman, and they feel optimistic about her prospects.
Commentary
The Metamorphosis is a powerful and unsettling exploration of alienation, isolation, and the dehumanizing effects of societal pressures. Gregor's transformation is not merely a physical change; it is a symbolic representation of his alienation from his family and his humanity. His family's gradual rejection of him reflects the harsh realities of a society that values individuals based on their productivity and usefulness.
Kafka's use of surreal imagery and psychological realism creates a haunting and unforgettable narrative. The story raises profound questions about identity, family dynamics, and the nature of human existence. It is a stark and unflinching portrayal of the human condition, highlighting the fragility of human connection and the devastating consequences of isolation.
The narrative also explores societal expectations and the pressures placed on individuals to conform. Gregor's role as the sole provider for his family leaves him trapped in a cycle of work and obligation. His transformation can be seen as a rebellion against this oppressive system, a desperate attempt to break free from his life's constraints.
In the end, Gregor's death is a tragic but inevitable conclusion. His transformation has rendered him a pariah, a burden to his family and society. His demise allows his family to move on, to rebuild their lives without the weight of his presence.