Hard TOEFL Words - Group 13

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ad. as the alternative to or in contrast with; used to link two or more opposing or contrasting elements

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n. animals having a bony or cartilaginous skeleton with a segmented spinal column

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a. active; energetic; lively

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n. conqueror; winner

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n. a cassette for videotape

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n. effectiveness, efficiency, or validity

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v. make vicious and defamatory statements about; attempt to degrade by slander; defame

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n. ability to see; sight; vivid mental image

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a. tending to vary often or widely;inconstant

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n. difference in electrical charge between two points