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Exam Word - https://www.examword.com/ Total words: 300

TOEFL Vocabulary Level 1 - 1: Print Flashcard

abbreviation
n. [缩写,缩写词] shortening something by omitting parts of it
abnormal
a. [反常的,异常的,变态的] unusual; not typical; not normal
abort
v. [中止计划(任务)] stop; terminate before completion; terminate a pregnancy
abrasive
a. [摩擦的,粗糙的,研磨剂] rubbing away; tending to grind down
absence
n. [缺少,不在,缺席] state of being absent; state of being away
absolutely
ad. [完全地,绝对地] utterly; not viewed in relation to other things or factors  
abstract
a. [抽象的] theoretical; not concrete; not applied or practical; difficult to understand
accidental
a. [意外的,偶然的] unexpected; happening by chance, unintentionally  
accompany
v. [陪伴,伴随,伴奏] travel with; be associated with
accomplished
a. [精通的,熟练的] skilled; experienced; having many social graces; polished or refined
accounting
n. [会计学] a system that provides quantitative information about finances
acid
n. [酸] sour; water-soluble compounds having a sour taste; quality of being sarcastic, bitter, or scornful
acidic
a. [酸的,酸性的] tasting sour like acid; being or containing an acid
actual
a. [实际的,现行的] true; real; being, existing, or acting at the present moment; current
acupuncture
n. [针刺,针灸] treatment of pain or disease by inserting the tips of needles at specific points on the skin
adequate
a. [足够的,充实的] sufficient; enough to meet a purpose
adhere
v. [黏着] stick fast; stick to firmly; be compatible or in accordance with
adhesive
a. [粘连的,不易取下或分离的] sticky; glutinous; tending to persist
adjunct
n. [无用的附加物] something added on or attached generally nonessential or inferior
admit
v. [准许进入] permit to enter; receive; provide the right or a means of entrance to
adventure
n. [冒险经历] something happens without design; chance; hazard; risk; danger
adventurous
a. [喜欢冒险的,敢做敢为的] valiant; venturesome; inclined or willing to incur hazard or engage in adventures
adversity
n. [贫困,不幸] state of misfortune, hardship, or affliction; misfortune
advocate
v. [辩护] speak, plead, or argue in favor of; plead for; push for something
aerodynamics
n. [空气动力学] study of how objects move through the air or water
affected
a. [假的,做作的] speaking or behaving in an artificial way; emotionally stirred or moved; infected or attacked
affective
a. [感情的,表达感情的] sentimental; emotional; emotionally charged
aggravate
v. [使恶化,使加重] worsen; make worse or more troublesome
aggregation
n. [集合,群体] several things grouped together or considered as a whole
ailment
n. [疾病(尤指轻病,小病)] sickness;a slight but often persistent illness 
aircraft
n. [飞行器,飞机,飞艇] a vehicle that can fly, such as an airplane, helicopter, balloon
alert
n. [机敏的] the warning serves; alarm; condition of heightened watchfulness or preparation for action
alike
a. [相同的,相似的] similar; in the same manner or to the same degree
allegation
n. [宣称,主张,断言] suggestion without proof that someone has done something wrong
alliteration
n. [头韵] repetition of a beginning sound in poetry
alone
a. [单独的] solitary; by oneself, not with any other people  
alteration
n. [变更,改造] a passage from one form or state to another; change
alternation
n. [交替,轮流] successive change from one thing or state to another and back again
aluminum
n. [铝] silvery ductile metallic element
amazement
n. [惊愕,惊异] wonder; state of extreme surprise or wonder; astonishment
ambivalence
n. [矛盾的观点或情绪] state of having contradictory or conflicting emotional attitudes, such as love and hate
amenable
a. [有服从义务的,随时服从的] responsive to advise or suggestion; responsible to a higher authority; willing to comply with; agreeable
analogy
n. [类比,相似] the similarity in some respects; comparison based on similarity
analysis
n. [分析,分析报告] study; investigation; the process of breaking down a substance into its constituent parts
anecdote
n. [奇闻轶事] a short account of the amusing or interesting event; short narrative; a secret story of history or biography
anesthetic
n. [麻醉药] a substance that causes loss of sensation; producing temporary loss or impairment of feeling
angular
a. [有尖角的,瘦骨嶙峋的] sharp-cornered; consisting of an angle or angles; stiff in manner
annually
ad. [一年一次,每年] yearly; each year; returning every year; year by year
anthem
n. [圣歌,赞美诗] song of praise or patriotism; the song of devotion or loyalty
anthropology
n. [人类学] social science that studies origins and social relationships of human beings
anticipation
n. [期望,预料] something expected; pleasurable expectation; wishing with confidence
antiquated
a. [过时的,陈旧的] too old to be fashionable, suitable, or useful; obsolete; aged
antiquity
n. [古迹,古物] ancient times, especially the times preceding the Middle Ages; extreme oldness
antiseptic
n. [抗菌物] a substance that prevents infection; a substance that restricts the growth of disease-causing microorganisms
appointment
n. [指定,约会] act of putting a person into a non-elective position; arrangement
apprentice
n. [学徒] works for an expert to learn a trade; beginner; learner
approval
n. [赞成,正式批准] official approbation; endorsement; an act of approving
approve
v. [批准] ratify; consider right or good; think or speak favorably of
aquamarine
a. [绿玉,碧绿色] of bluish-green color; of pale blue to light greenish-blue
aquarium
n. [水族馆] tank or pool or bowl filled with water for keeping live fish and underwater animals
arboreal
a. [树栖的,树的] tree-dwelling; treelike; living in trees
archaeology
n. [考古学] study of artifacts and relics of early humankind
architect
n. [建筑师] one who designs and supervises the construction of buildings or other large structures
arithmetic
n. [算数] theory of numerical calculations
armor
n. [装甲,装甲车] shield; defensive covering, as of metal, wood, or leather, worn to protect the body against weapons
arms
n. [武器,兵种] weapons considered collectively; official symbols of a family
array
v. [排列,整理] set out for display or use; place in orderly arrangement
arsenal
n. [军火库] storage place for military equipment; a stock of weapons
artery
n. [动脉,干线,命脉] one of the vessels or tubes which carry either venous or arterial blood from the heart; major transit corridor
articulate
v. [清楚地讲话,清晰地发音] speak clearly and distinctly; utter a speech sound; be jointed; make clear or effective
ascent
n. [攀登,上升] upward slope or grade; movement upward
assignment
n. [任务,作业] a task that was given to students; job; distribution; appointment
association
n. [联盟,联合,协会] connection, whether of persons or things; a union of persons in a company or society for some particular purpose
assorted
a. [各式各样的,多样混合的] varied;  consisting of various types mixed together  
assortment
n. [各类物品的聚集,混合物] variety; collection containing a variety of sorts of things
assume
v. [假定,设想] suppose; presume; take on; bear
assumption
n. [假定,设想,采取] something taken for accepted as true without proof; taking over or taking possession of
assure
v. [确保,保证,使确信] tell someone confidently that something is true; guarantee; convince
astonish
v. [使惊讶] surprise someone very much; shock
astute
a. [聪明,敏锐] wise or keen; shrewd; with sharp intelligence
asymmetrical
a. [不均匀的,不对称的] unbalanced; uneven;  having parts on either side or half that do not match  
athlete
n. [运动员] a sportsman; one who contended for a prize in public games
atomization
n. [原子化,雾化] act of reducing to atoms, or very minute particles
atrophy
n. [枯萎,萎缩,衰退,结束] wasting away; decrease in size; reduction in the functionality of an organ caused by disease
attempt
n. [尝试] the action of trying at something
audience
n. [观众] a group of people within hearing; crowd seeing a stage performance
aurora
n. [极光] a natural appearance of coloured light in the sky, that is usually seen nearest the Arctic or Antarctic
autonomous
a. [自治] self-governing; not controlled by others or by outside forces; independent
avenue
n. [林荫道,大街] way or opening for entrance or exit place; passage by which a place may be reached; broad street
average
a. [一般的,通常的,平庸的] typical; mean; achieve or reach on average
averse
a. [反对的] reluctant; disinclined; turned away or backward; unwilling
aviator
n. [飞行员,飞行家] someone who operates an aircraft
avoid
v. [躲避,规避] shield away from; prevent
axis
n. [轴,轴心] the center around which something rotates; pivot
bachelor
n. [学士(学位),单身汉] unmarried men; the first or lowest academic degree conferred by universities and colleges
backbone
n. [骨干,支柱] support; mainstay; vertebrate spine or spinal column
balloonist
n. [气球驾驶者] someone who flies a balloon
bankruptcy
n. [破产] state of being unable to pay your debts
bar
n. [吧,酒吧] a counter where you can obtain food or drink; cafe; strip; stick
barb
n. [鱼钩,钩状物] sharp projection from fishhook; openly cutting remark
bark
n. [树皮,狗叫] a sound made by a dog; harsh sound uttered by a dog
barrel
n. [桶] vessel; large cylindrical container
barrenness
n. [荒凉] property of not supporting life, no children, or unable to have children; defect of emotion, sensibility, or fervency
barter
v. [物品交换,易货贸易] trade goods or services without the exchange of money
bean
n. [豆子] various edible seeds; small oval or roundish seed, berry, nut, or lump
bear
v. [负担,支撑] support; sustain; carry; have; yield; give birth; hold up or support
beat
v. [打击,敲击,打败] whip; strike; defeat; hit repeatedly
behalf
n. [代表] represent;  advantage, benefit, the interest of someone
below
ad. [在…下面] under, or lower in place; beneath not so high; inferior to in rank; unworthy of
besiege
v. [围攻] surround with armed forces; harass with requests
bilateral
a. [两边的,双边的] two-sided; mutual;  involving two groups or countries  
billion
n. [十亿(的)] the number that is represented as a one followed by 9 zeros
biologist
n. [生物学家] a scientist who studies living organisms
bitterness
n. [苦味,辛酸,苦难] sharp and bitter manner
blink
v. [眨眼] shut eyes briefly; wink
blizzard
n. [暴风雪] a severe snowstorm with strong winds  
blossom
n. [花蕾] reproductive organ of plants, especially one having showy or colorful parts
boast
v. [自夸,自豪] show off oneself;  speak of with excessive pride
bolster
v. [支持,增援] support or prop up with or as if with a long narrow pillow or cushion
boredom
n. [烦恼,无聊] tedium; dullness; state of being a bore, or the tendency to become tiresome and uninteresting
boring
a. [令人厌烦的] uninteresting and tiresome; dull
boulder
n. [巨石] a rounded rock lying on the surface of ground or embedded in soil
bound
n. [范围,限制] tied; held; committed; limit; constraint; leap; jump
bowl
v. [碗,碗状物] throw or roll a ball; move quickly and smoothly, especially by rolling
braid
v. [编织] weave; interweave three or more strands
breathe
v. [呼吸,呼出] respire; inhale and exhale air
breathtaking
a. [令人激动的,惊人的] very surprising or shocking
briny
a. [盐水的,咸的] salty; any huge body of saltwater
broaden
v. [放宽,变宽,扩大] widen; grow broad or broader
bud
n. [芽,蓓蕾] one that is not yet fully developed; sprout
buggy
n. [小马车,童车(婴儿手推车)] small, lightweight carriage; drawn by a single horse
bulb
n. [球茎,球状物] the rounded part of a cylindrical structure; electric lamp consisting of a glass ball
bundle
v. [包裹,聚集,赶快] tie, wrap, or gather together; hurry; hasten; dress oneself warmly
burrow
n. [洞穴,供居住或躲藏的洞或地道] tunnel; hole in the ground made by an animal for shelter; moving through by or as by digging
cab
n. [出租马车,汽车] taxi; a one-horse vehicle for public hire
cabal
n. [内阁] a small group of persons secretly united to promote their own interests
cabin
n. [小屋(通常为木制的),船舱] a small room on a ship or boat where people sleep
cadence
n. [平仄,重音] rhythmic rise and fall of words or sounds; beat
calculator
n. [计算器] a small machine that is used for mathematical calculations
cancel
v. [取消] revoke; call off; omit or delete
candid
a. [率直的,坦白的] straightforward; frank; free from prejudice; impartial
carat
n. [克拉(黄金重量单位)] unit of weight for precious stones; a measure of fineness of gold
career
n. [生涯,职业] profession or occupation; individual's work and life roles over their lifespan
cargo
n. [(车,船,飞机等运输的)货物] freight carried by ship, an aircraft, or another vehicle
caricature
n. [歪曲,漫画,讽刺画] a representation that is deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic effect
cater
v. [迎合] supply what is needed or desired; provide food professionally for a special occasion
cause
n. [导致,引起] something produces a result; the basis for an action or response; a reason
cease
v. [停止,终止] stop; terminate; put an end to; discontinue
ceremonial
n. [仪式] ritual; ceremony or rite
chafe
v. [摩擦,擦热] wear away or irritate by rubbing; make sore by rubbing; annoy; vex
chalk
n. [粉笔] soft, earthy substance, of a white, grayish, or yellowish-white color, used as a drawing implement
championship
n. [锦标赛] status of being a champion; position or title of a winner
characteristic
n. [典型的,表现特征的,特有的] a feature that helps to identify, tell apart, or describe recognizably; a distinguishing mark or trait
chat
n. [闲谈] talk without exchanging too much information; informal conversation
check
v. [控制,阻止] stop motion; curb or restrain
checkup
n. [审查,身体检查] thorough physical examination
chili
n. [辛辣,红辣椒] very hot and finely tapering pepper of special pungency
choppy
a. [波浪起伏的,(风)不断改变方向的] having many small waves; rough with small waves
chronology
n. [年代学,年表] time sequence; an arrangement of events in time
cipher
n. [密码,数字] secret code; an Arabic numeral or figure; a number
circle
n. [圆周,圆形物] round; something shaped like such a ring; a group of people sharing an interest, activity, or achievement
circular
a. [循环的,圆的] round; shaped like or nearly like a circle
circulation
n. [循环,流通] spread or transmission of something to a wider group or area
circumstance
n. [环境,情况] situation; condition; detail accompanying or surrounding an event
citizenship
n. [公民(的身份)] status of a citizen with rights and duties
clam
n. [蛤] soft edible body of such as mollusk
clause
n. [分句,条款] sentence; phrase; distinct article, stipulation, or provision in a document
clay
n. [粘土,泥土] very fine-grained soil that is plastic when moist but hard when fired
climate
n. [气候,社会风气或趋势] weather condition; atmosphere; environment
cling
v. [粘紧,附着] hold fast or adhere to something; stick together and resist separation; remain emotionally
clip
n. [小夹子,回形针,弹夹,选录,摘录] a small section of filmed or filed material
coach
n. [教练] tutor; teacher; a vehicle carrying many passengers
coalescence
n. [合并,联合] union of diverse things into one body or form or group; growing together of parts
coarse
a. [粗糙的] rough; harsh; of low, common, or inferior quality
coffeepot
n. [咖啡壶] tall pot in which coffee is brewed
cohesion
n. [内聚力,黏度] a tendency to keep together
coin
n. [铸币,硬币] small piece of metal, usually flat and circular, authorized by a government for use as money
coincidence
n. [巧合] two or more things occurring at the same time by chance
collaborate
v. [协作,合作] work together, especially in a joint intellectual effort
collaboration
n. [合作] act of working together; act of cooperating with an enemy, especially it occupying one's own country
collusion
n. [勾结] a secret agreement for any illegal purpose; conspiracy
colonize
v. [建立殖民地,拓殖] migrate to and settle in; plant
combine
v. [联合,结合] blend; fuse; merge
commerce
n. [商业] trade; business; intellectual exchange or social interaction
committee
n. [委员会] special group delegated to consider some matter
community
n. [社区,社会] society; a group of people living in the same locality and under the same government
commuter
n. [长期票通勤旅客,经常来往于两地之间的人] someone who regularly travels from home in a suburb to work in a city
compact
n. [紧凑形小车,小粉盒] small and economical car; small cosmetics case
comparable
a. [相似的] similar or equivalent; being of equal regard; worthy of being ranked with
comparative
a. [比较的] relative; based on, or involving comparison
compensation
n. [补偿的钱或物] something given or received as payment as for a service or loss or injury
compensatory
a. [补偿] serving to compensate or as compensation; making amends; repaying
competition
n. [竞争,竞赛] struggle; rivalry; an act of competing as for a profit prize
complement
n. [补充,使完善] something that completes or makes up a whole or brings to perfection
complementary
a. [互补的,互相补足的,互余角的] serving to fill out or to complete; supplying mutual needs or offsetting mutual lacks
complicated
a. [费解的,棘手的,结构复杂的] difficult to analyze or understand
comply
v. [遵循] yield assent; accord; agree, or acquiesce; adapt one's self; fulfill; accomplish
compose
v. [作曲,写作,组成] write; create; make or create by putting together parts or elements
comprehend
v. [领悟,理解] take in the meaning, nature, or importance of; grasp
comprehensible
a. [可理解的,易于了解的] understandable; readily comprehended or understood; intelligible
comprehensive
a. [全面的] thorough; including all or everything; broad in scope
concept
n. [概念,观念] something formed in mind; thought or notion
concurrent
a. [并发的,协作的,一致的] simultaneous; coincident; occurring or operating at the same time
condiment
n. [调味品] seasoning; something used to give relish to food; something used to enhance the flavor of food, like salt or pepper
condition
n. [条件,状况,健康状况] mode or state of being; fitness; existing circumstances
conductivity
n. [导电率,传导率] transmission of heat or electricity or sound
confinement
n. [限制,禁闭] state of being confined; restraint within limits; any restraint of liberty by force
confining
a. [狭窄,限制的,拘束的,偏狭的] restricting scope or freedom of action; crowded
confirm
v. [证实] support or establish the certainty or validity of; verify
conformity
n. [遵守,顺从,服从,遵奉] similarity in form or character; agreement
congratulation
n. [祝贺,道喜] act of acknowledging that someone has an occasion for celebration
congruity
n. [全等,一致] relation or agreement between things; fitness; harmony; correspondence; consistency.
connoisseur
n. [鉴赏家,行家] specialist; a person with expert knowledge or training, especially in the fine arts
consecutive
a. [连续的] following one after another without interruption; sequential
consequence
n. [结果,[逻]推理,推论] result; relation of a result to its cause; logical conclusion or inference
consequent
a. [作为结果的,随之发生的] resulting; following as a logical conclusion
conservative
a. [保守的,谨慎的,守旧的] favoring traditional views and values; tending to oppose change
conserve
v. [保存,保藏] retain; protect from loss or harm; preserve; use carefully or sparingly, avoiding waste
considerably
ad. [相当地] substantially; significantly; to a degree worth considering
considerate
a. [考虑周到的,体贴的] thoughtful; marked by consideration or reflection; deliberate
consistent
a. [一致的,稳定的,变化少的] agreeing with itself; coherent; regular
constrain
v. [强使,强逼] restrain; keep within close bounds; confine
constraint
n. [约束,限制,拘束] something that restricts or confines within prescribed bounds
consult
v. [咨询,请教] seek advice or information of; take into account; consider
container
n. [容器,集装箱] any object that can be used to hold things
contaminate
v. [弄脏,污染,感染] make impure or unclean by contact or mixture; pollute; defile
content
n. [内容,容量] volume; something contained; material, including text and images
contented
a. [满足的,心安的] satisfied or showing satisfaction with things as they are
contiguous
a. [接触着的,接近的,邻近的,接壤的] sharing an edge or boundary; touching; neighboring
continuum
n. [连续统一体] sequence; succession; continuous extent, succession, or whole
contrast
v. [对照,显示差异] set in opposition to show or emphasize differences; show differences when compared
convenience
n. [便利,方便] state of being suitable
convention
n. [习俗,惯例] social or moral custom; formal meeting of members, representatives, or delegates; agreement between states
convert
n. [改变,转换,皈依] change something into another form; transform
cooperate
v. [合作] work or act together toward a common end or purpose
corn
n. [玉米,谷类] plants, such as wheat, maize, oats, and barley, that can be used to produce flour
cosmopolitan
a. [世界主义] sophisticated; of worldwide scope
counseling
n. [咨询服务] something that provides direction or advice as to a decision or course of action
couple
n. [(一)对,(一)双,夫妇] a male and female associated together; a pair who associate with one another
craft
n. [手工制品,容器] something made by people; vessel
crash
n. [碰撞,坠毁,撞碎] smash; collision; falling down or in pieces with a loud noise of breaking parts
crayon
n. [彩色蜡笔,粉笔或其绘画] stick of colored wax or chalk, used for drawing
creek
n. [小溪,小河] a small stream, often a shallow tributary to a river; brook
crippling
a. [令人震惊的] causing someone to be physically disabled, especially unable to walk; causing severe damage or problems
critical
a. [评论的,批评的] urgently needed; absolutely necessary; essential; acute; crucial; decisive
critique
n. [(文艺)批评,评论] critical review or commentary, especially one dealing with works of art or literature
crossbones
n. [十字骨头] two crossed bones used as a symbol of danger or death
crossbreeding
n. [异种交配,杂交] reproduction by parents of different races
crossing
n. [横越,交叉口] traveling across; place at which roads, lines, or tracks intersect; intersection
crumple
v. [弄皱,起皱] fall apart; fold or collapse; crush together or press into wrinkles
crush
v. [压垮,粉碎,使变形] press between opposing bodies so as to break or injure; extract or obtain by pressing or squeezing
cube
n. [立方体,立方] three-dimensional shape with six square or rectangular sides; cubicle, used for work or study
curiosity
n. [好奇心] desire to know or learn
current
n. [(液体,气体)流,趋势] stream; flow; up-to-date; present
cushion
n. [垫子,软垫] soft pillow or pad usually used for sitting, reclining, or kneeling
custom
n. [习惯,传统,惯例] tradition; practice followed by people of a particular group or region
customarily
ad. [通常] usually; under normal circumstances, normally
cyclone
n. [旋风,龙卷风] violent rotating windstorm
dart
v. [飞奔,投掷] move suddenly and rapidly
dawn
n. [黎明,开端,开始] time each morning at which daylight first begins; beginning; start
dawning
n. [拂晓,黎明] first light of day; first advent or appearance
dearth
n. [稀缺,缺乏] scarcity; shortage of food; famine from failure or loss of crops
debris
n. [碎片,残骸] remains of something that has been destroyed or broken up
decadent
a. [颓废的] self-indulgent; moral decay
decent
a. [适当的,可接受的] suitable; modest.; honorable; meeting accepted standards
declare
v. [宣布,声明] state clearly; make known formally or officially
decline
n. [衰退,下降,减退] change toward something smaller or lower; gradual falling off from a better state
defend
v. [防护,辩护] make or keep safe from danger, attack, or harm
deference
n. [尊重的,尊重他人的] willingness to carry out the wishes of others; great respect
deferential
a. [恭敬的,顺从的] showing deference; being respectful and considerate
deficiency
n. [缺乏,不足] scarcity; lack or shortage, especially of something essential to health
definitely
ad. [明确地,肯定地] clearly; without question and beyond doubt
dehydrate
v. [脱水] remove water from; dry out; lose water or bodily fluids
dehydrated
a. [干燥的,脱水的] suffering from excessive loss of water
deign
v. [屈服,屈尊] condescend to give or grant; esteem worthy; consider worth notice
delegate
n. [代表] a person authorized to act as a representative for another; deputy
demobilize
v. [遣散,使复员,从军队服务解职] retire from military service
demonstrate
v. [演示,论证] show clearly and deliberately; manifest; confirm; prove
denote
v. [指示,表示] indicate; signify directly; refer to specifically
dense
a. [密集的,浓厚的] thick; crowded closely together; compact
density
n. [密度] thickness; the quantity of something per unit measure, especially per unit length, area, or volume
depart
v. [离开,出发,启航] take off; leave; set out
dependable
a. [可靠的,可信赖的] reliable; worthy of being depended on; trustworthy
dependence
n. [依赖,信赖] reliance; lack of independence or self-sufficiency
dependent
a. [依赖的,从属的,由…而定的] relying on or requiring the aid of another for support
depict
v. [描述] represent in a picture or sculpture; portray in words; describe
deposit
n. [堆积,沉淀] money given as a guarantee or security
depressed
a. [沮丧的] sad; gloomy; low in spirits; dejected
derivative
a. [派生的] unoriginal; derived from another source
desalination
n. [脱盐,去盐作用] removal of salt; a process of removing salt from seawater to make drinking water
deserted
a. [荒芜的,荒废的] remote from civilization; left desolate or empty; abandoned
desirable
a. [令人向往的,令人满意的] worthwhile; worth doing or achieving; advisable
desolate
a. [荒无人烟的] unpopulated; providing no shelter or sustenance; devoid of inhabitants
desperately
ad. [迫切地,危急地] with great urgency; seriously; severely
despoiler
n. [掠夺者] someone who takes spoils or plunder; one who despoils or strips by force; a plunderer
destination
n. [目的地] ultimate goal; the place to which one is going or directed
deterrent
n. [挫败,使气馁] something that discourages; tending to deter
devastate
v. [毁坏] ruin; lay waste; destroy; make desolate
device
n. [器械,装置] technique or means; instrument; machine used to perform one or more relatively simple tasks
diagonal
n. [对角线(的)] a straight line connecting any two vertices of a polygon that are not adjacent