Vocabulary Study Online by Level
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Group (1) - Matching Quizzes
abandon 
1
 | (加速) move faster; cause to develop or progress more quickly; occur sooner than expected |
| (賛同) expression of warm approval; praise |
| (放棄) lacking restraint or control; feeling of extreme emotional intensity; unbounded enthusiasm |
| (亡命) place of refuge or shelter; protection |
abash
2
| (洞察) mental keenness; quickness of perception |
| (魅力) attract with something desirable; be highly, often subtly attractive |
| (赤面させる) embarrass; make ashamed or uneasy; disconcert |
| (乾燥) dry; lacking moisture, especially having insufficient rainfall to support trees or plants |
abdicate
3
| (甘言) flattery; speech or action expressive of affection or kindness, and tending to win the heart |
| (調停) person with power to decide a dispute; judge |
| (退位) give up, renounce, abandon, lay down, or withdraw from, as a right or claim |
| (慈悲) generous in providing aid to others; charitable |
abet
4
| (扇動) aid, usually in doing something wrong; encourage |
| (平凡) obvious and dull; commonplace; lacking originality |
| (アナーキー) absence of governing body; state of disorder; political disorder and confusion |
| (乾燥) dry; lacking moisture, especially having insufficient rainfall to support trees or plants |
abridge
5
| (当たり障り) lacking stimulating or mild; agreeable |
| (端折る) condense; shorten; reduce length of written text |
| (がさつ) rude and clumsy in behavior; ungentlemanly; awkward in manners |
| (似) comparable; similar or alike |
abrogate
6
| (亡命) place of refuge or shelter; protection |
| (disgruntle) abolish, do away with, or annul, especially by authority |
| (防波堤) earthwork or other strong defense; person who defends |
| (適性) inherent ability; quickness in learning and understanding |
abstemious
7
| (和やか) good-natured and likable; lovable; warmly friendly |
| (節制) sparing or moderation in eating and drinking; temperate |
| (積極) making assaults; unjustly attacking; combative; hostile; tending to spread quickly |
| (不利な) in opposing direction; harmful or unfavorable; acting or serving to oppose |
academic
8
| (ほのめかす) refer casually or indirectly, or by suggestion |
| (忠告) gentle or friendly reproof; cautionary advice or warning |
| (学術) related to school; not practical or directly useful; relating to scholarly organization; based on formal education |
| (禁欲) leading a life of self-discipline and self-denial; austere |
accede
9
| (加入する) agree; give consent, often at insistence of another; concede |
| (乾燥) dry; lacking moisture, especially having insufficient rainfall to support trees or plants |
| (大げさ) pompous; using inflated language; high-sounding but with little meaning |
| (敵意) feeling of enmity or ill will; attitude that informs one's actions; disposition |
accelerate
10
| (奇妙) fantastic; violently contrasting; strangely unconventional in style or appearance |
| (加速) move faster; cause to develop or progress more quickly; occur sooner than expected |
| (適性) inherent ability; quickness in learning and understanding |
| (強化) make greater, as in size, extent, or quantity |
accolade
11
| (積極) making assaults; unjustly attacking; combative; hostile; tending to spread quickly |
| (亡命) place of refuge or shelter; protection |
| (バイアス) favoring one person or side over another; prejudiced |
| (栄誉) award of merit; expression of approval; praise |
accord
12
| (学術) related to school; not practical or directly useful; relating to scholarly organization; based on formal education |
| (協定) settlement or compromise of conflicting opinions; written agreement between two states |
| (審美) elegant or tasteful; of or concerning appreciation of beauty or good taste |
| (大げさ) pompous; using inflated language; high-sounding but with little meaning |
acrimonious
13
| (平凡) obvious and dull; commonplace; lacking originality |
| (辛辣な) bitter and sharp in language, tone, or manner |
| (ほのめかす) refer casually or indirectly, or by suggestion |
| (加速) move faster; cause to develop or progress more quickly; occur sooner than expected |
acumen
14
| (不協和音) discordant; inharmonious; sounding harshly; ill-sounding |
| (洞察) mental keenness; quickness of perception |
| (従順) responsive to advice or suggestion; responsible to higher authority; willing to comply with; agreeable |
| (和らげる) calm; pacify; reduce the intensity of; relieve |
admonish
15
| (原型) prototype; original model or type after which other similar things are patterned |
| (亡命) place of refuge or shelter; protection |
| (訓戒) warn; counsel someone against something to be avoided |
| (忠告) gentle or friendly reproof; cautionary advice or warning |
admonition
16
| (栄冠) attended by favorable circumstances; marked by success; prosperous |
| (逆境を) state of misfortune, hardship, or affliction; misfortune |
| (訓戒) warn; counsel someone against something to be avoided |
| (忠告) gentle or friendly reproof; cautionary advice or warning |
adversary
17
| (悩み) something causes misery or death; curse; fatal injury or ruin |
| (洞察) mental keenness; quickness of perception |
| (扇動) aid, usually in doing something wrong; encourage |
| (敵) opponent in contest; someone who offers opposition |
adverse
18
| (不利な) in opposing direction; harmful or unfavorable; acting or serving to oppose |
| (和らげる) calm; pacify; reduce the intensity of; relieve |
| (evenhanded) inform; give notice to; make aware |
| (総) one who makes a practice of amusing others by low tricks, antic gestures; droll; mimic; clown |
adversity
19
| (従順) responsive to advice or suggestion; responsible to higher authority; willing to comply with; agreeable |
| (適性) inherent ability; quickness in learning and understanding |
| (放棄) lacking restraint or control; feeling of extreme emotional intensity; unbounded enthusiasm |
| (逆境を) state of misfortune, hardship, or affliction; misfortune |
aesthetic
20
| (和やか) good-natured and likable; lovable; warmly friendly |
| (審美) elegant or tasteful; of or concerning appreciation of beauty or good taste |
| (逮捕) take into custody; arrest a criminal; grasp mentally; perceive |
| (強化) make greater, as in size, extent, or quantity |
affable
21
| (赤面させる) embarrass; make ashamed or uneasy; disconcert |
| (大げさ) pompous; using inflated language; high-sounding but with little meaning |
| (優しい) easily approachable; warmly friendly |
| (審美) elegant or tasteful; of or concerning appreciation of beauty or good taste |
affluent
22
| (富裕層) having an abundant supply of money or possessions of value |
| (学術) related to school; not practical or directly useful; relating to scholarly organization; based on formal education |
| (大げさ) pompous; using inflated language; high-sounding but with little meaning |
| (明確) expressing oneself easily in clear and effective language |
aggressive
23
| (積極) making assaults; unjustly attacking; combative; hostile; tending to spread quickly |
| (適性) inherent ability; quickness in learning and understanding |
| (バトン) staff or truncheon for various purposes, as one of a conductor in musical performances, one transferred by runners in a relay race |
| (好戦) warlike or hostile in manner or temperament; showing or having impulse to be combative |
alacrity
24
| (乗り気) cheerful promptness or willingness; eagerness; speed or quickness |
| (あいまい) unclear or doubtful in meaning |
| (積極) making assaults; unjustly attacking; combative; hostile; tending to spread quickly |
| (亡命) place of refuge or shelter; protection |
alienate
25
| (従順) responsive to advice or suggestion; responsible to higher authority; willing to comply with; agreeable |
| (汚す) soil, smear so as to make dirty or stained |
| (疎外) cause to become unfriendly or hostile; transfer property or ownership; isolate or dissociate emotionally |
| (病) blast; prevent the growth and fertility of; destroy the happiness of; ruin; frustrate |
allay
26
| (和らげる) calm; pacify; reduce the intensity of; relieve |
| (アンソロジー) book of literary selections by various authors |
| (貴族) hereditary nobility; privileged class |
| (和やか) good-natured and likable; lovable; warmly friendly |
allude
27
| (退位) give up, renounce, abandon, lay down, or withdraw from, as a right or claim |
| (貴族) hereditary nobility; privileged class |
| (ほのめかす) refer casually or indirectly, or by suggestion |
| (奇妙) fantastic; violently contrasting; strangely unconventional in style or appearance |
allure
28
| (魅力) attract with something desirable; be highly, often subtly attractive |
| (好戦) warlike or hostile in manner or temperament; showing or having impulse to be combative |
| (適性) inherent ability; quickness in learning and understanding |
| (乾燥) dry; lacking moisture, especially having insufficient rainfall to support trees or plants |
allusion
29
| (本格的) not counterfeit or copied; valid; trustworthy |
| (節制) sparing or moderation in eating and drinking; temperate |
| (言及) indirect reference; symbolical reference or comparison; metaphor |
| (禁欲) leading a life of self-discipline and self-denial; austere |
ambiguous
30
| (慈悲) generous in providing aid to others; charitable |
| (disgruntle) abolish, do away with, or annul, especially by authority |
| (あいまい) unclear or doubtful in meaning |
| (大げさ) pompous; using inflated language; high-sounding but with little meaning |
amenable
31
| (端折る) condense; shorten; reduce length of written text |
| (冗談) good-humored, playful conversation |
| (従順) responsive to advice or suggestion; responsible to higher authority; willing to comply with; agreeable |
| (調停) person with power to decide a dispute; judge |
amiable
32
| (慈悲) generous in providing aid to others; charitable |
| (甘言) flattery; speech or action expressive of affection or kindness, and tending to win the heart |
| (和やか) good-natured and likable; lovable; warmly friendly |
| (裏切る) contradict; give a false impression |
analogous
33
| (扇動) aid, usually in doing something wrong; encourage |
| (似) comparable; similar or alike |
| (敵意) feeling of enmity or ill will; attitude that informs one's actions; disposition |
| (牧歌) rustic; pastoral; agricultural; relating to country affairs, or to shepherd's life and occupation |
analogy
34
| (奇妙) fantastic; violently contrasting; strangely unconventional in style or appearance |
| (汚す) soil, smear so as to make dirty or stained |
| (裏切る) contradict; give a false impression |
| (類推) similarity in some respects; comparison based on similarity |
anarchy
35
| (扇動) aid, usually in doing something wrong; encourage |
| (アナーキー) absence of governing body; state of disorder; political disorder and confusion |
| (加入する) agree; give consent, often at insistence of another; concede |
| (優しい) easily approachable; warmly friendly |
animus
36
| (貴族) hereditary nobility; privileged class |
| (洞察) mental keenness; quickness of perception |
| (優しい) easily approachable; warmly friendly |
| (敵意) feeling of enmity or ill will; attitude that informs one's actions; disposition |
annals
37
| (冗談) good-humored, playful conversation |
| (記) chronological record of the events of successive years |
| (軽率) gay; joyous; carefree and lighthearted |
| (ほのめかす) refer casually or indirectly, or by suggestion |
anonymous
38
| (匿名) having no name; having unknown or unacknowledged name |
| (加速) move faster; cause to develop or progress more quickly; occur sooner than expected |
| (放棄) lacking restraint or control; feeling of extreme emotional intensity; unbounded enthusiasm |
| (バイアス) favoring one person or side over another; prejudiced |
anthology
39
| (節制) sparing or moderation in eating and drinking; temperate |
| (アンソロジー) book of literary selections by various authors |
| (赤面させる) embarrass; make ashamed or uneasy; disconcert |
| (がち) likely; exactly suitable; appropriate; quick to learn or understand |
antithesis
40
| (加入する) agree; give consent, often at insistence of another; concede |
| (奇妙) fantastic; violently contrasting; strangely unconventional in style or appearance |
| (アンチテーゼ) contrast; direct contrast; opposition |
| (evenhanded) inform; give notice to; make aware |
apathetic
41
| (協定) settlement or compromise of conflicting opinions; written agreement between two states |
| (付属) feeling or showing a lack of interest or concern; indifferent |
| (がち) likely; exactly suitable; appropriate; quick to learn or understand |
| (加速) move faster; cause to develop or progress more quickly; occur sooner than expected |
apathy
42
| (無気力) lack of caring; indifference |
| (勤勉) constant in application or attention; diligent; unceasing or persistent |
| (バトン) staff or truncheon for various purposes, as one of a conductor in musical performances, one transferred by runners in a relay race |
| (辛辣な) bitter and sharp in language, tone, or manner |
apprehend
43
| (逮捕) take into custody; arrest a criminal; grasp mentally; perceive |
| (悩み) something causes misery or death; curse; fatal injury or ruin |
| (放棄) lacking restraint or control; feeling of extreme emotional intensity; unbounded enthusiasm |
| (disgruntle) abolish, do away with, or annul, especially by authority |
apprehensive
44
| (身代金) capable of apprehending; knowing; conscious; relating to the faculty of apprehension; sensible; feeling; perceptive |
| (明確) expressing oneself easily in clear and effective language |
| (属性) essential quality; reputation; honor |
| (退位) give up, renounce, abandon, lay down, or withdraw from, as a right or claim |
apprise
45
| (evenhanded) inform; give notice to; make aware |
| (裏切る) contradict; give a false impression |
| (栄誉) award of merit; expression of approval; praise |
| (防波堤) earthwork or other strong defense; person who defends |
approbation
46
| (禁欲) leading a life of self-discipline and self-denial; austere |
| (あいまい) unclear or doubtful in meaning |
| (賛同) expression of warm approval; praise |
| (退位) give up, renounce, abandon, lay down, or withdraw from, as a right or claim |
apt
47
| (裏切る) contradict; give a false impression |
| (がち) likely; exactly suitable; appropriate; quick to learn or understand |
| (乗り気) cheerful promptness or willingness; eagerness; speed or quickness |
| (和らげる) calm; pacify; reduce the intensity of; relieve |
aptitude
48
| (端折る) condense; shorten; reduce length of written text |
| (不協和音) discordant; inharmonious; sounding harshly; ill-sounding |
| (ゆがん) in a position that is turned toward one side; away from correct course |
| (適性) inherent ability; quickness in learning and understanding |
arbiter
49
| (調停) person with power to decide a dispute; judge |
| (アンチテーゼ) contrast; direct contrast; opposition |
| (端折る) condense; shorten; reduce length of written text |
| (不利な) in opposing direction; harmful or unfavorable; acting or serving to oppose |
archetype
50
| (バイアス) favoring one person or side over another; prejudiced |
| (汚す) soil, smear so as to make dirty or stained |
| (原型) prototype; original model or type after which other similar things are patterned |
| (栄冠) attended by favorable circumstances; marked by success; prosperous |
arid
51
| (乾燥) dry; lacking moisture, especially having insufficient rainfall to support trees or plants |
| (亡命) place of refuge or shelter; protection |
| (バイアス) favoring one person or side over another; prejudiced |
| (アンソロジー) book of literary selections by various authors |
aristocracy
52
| (牧歌) rustic; pastoral; agricultural; relating to country affairs, or to shepherd's life and occupation |
| (ゆがん) in a position that is turned toward one side; away from correct course |
| (総) one who makes a practice of amusing others by low tricks, antic gestures; droll; mimic; clown |
| (貴族) hereditary nobility; privileged class |
articulate
53
| (明確) expressing oneself easily in clear and effective language |
| (節制) sparing or moderation in eating and drinking; temperate |
| (平凡) obvious and dull; commonplace; lacking originality |
| (欲) greediness for wealth; insatiable desire of gain |
ascetic
54
| (賛同) expression of warm approval; praise |
| (敵意) feeling of enmity or ill will; attitude that informs one's actions; disposition |
| (加入する) agree; give consent, often at insistence of another; concede |
| (禁欲) leading a life of self-discipline and self-denial; austere |
assiduous
55
| (属性) essential quality; reputation; honor |
| (勤勉) constant in application or attention; diligent; unceasing or persistent |
| (逮捕) take into custody; arrest a criminal; grasp mentally; perceive |
| (evenhanded) inform; give notice to; make aware |
asylum
56
| (亡命) place of refuge or shelter; protection |
| (高慢ちきな) offensively self-assertive; liable to give or take offense; forward; pushing |
| (がち) likely; exactly suitable; appropriate; quick to learn or understand |
| (栄誉) award of merit; expression of approval; praise |
atheist
57
| (傷) mark with deformity; injure or impair, as anything which is excellent; make defective, either the body or mind |
| (賛同) expression of warm approval; praise |
| (無神論者) nonbeliever; one who denies the existence of god |
| (加入する) agree; give consent, often at insistence of another; concede |
attribute
58
| (賛同) expression of warm approval; praise |
| (属性) essential quality; reputation; honor |
| (高慢ちきな) offensively self-assertive; liable to give or take offense; forward; pushing |
| (牧歌) rustic; pastoral; agricultural; relating to country affairs, or to shepherd's life and occupation |
augment
59
| (甘言) flattery; speech or action expressive of affection or kindness, and tending to win the heart |
| (強化) make greater, as in size, extent, or quantity |
| (牧歌) rustic; pastoral; agricultural; relating to country affairs, or to shepherd's life and occupation |
| (似) comparable; similar or alike |
auspicious
60
| (魅力) attract with something desirable; be highly, often subtly attractive |
| (勤勉) constant in application or attention; diligent; unceasing or persistent |
| (栄冠) attended by favorable circumstances; marked by success; prosperous |
| (身代金) capable of apprehending; knowing; conscious; relating to the faculty of apprehension; sensible; feeling; perceptive |
authentic
61
| (裏切る) contradict; give a false impression |
| (身代金) capable of apprehending; knowing; conscious; relating to the faculty of apprehension; sensible; feeling; perceptive |
| (亡命) place of refuge or shelter; protection |
| (本格的) not counterfeit or copied; valid; trustworthy |
autocratic
62
| (和やか) good-natured and likable; lovable; warmly friendly |
| (類推) similarity in some respects; comparison based on similarity |
| (正式) having absolute, unchecked power; dictatorial |
| (扇動) aid, usually in doing something wrong; encourage |
avarice
63
| |
| |
| |
|
awry
64
| (節制) sparing or moderation in eating and drinking; temperate |
| (洞察) mental keenness; quickness of perception |
| (ゆがん) in a position that is turned toward one side; away from correct course |
| (敵) opponent in contest; someone who offers opposition |
banal
65
| (退位) give up, renounce, abandon, lay down, or withdraw from, as a right or claim |
| (disgruntle) abolish, do away with, or annul, especially by authority |
| (平凡) obvious and dull; commonplace; lacking originality |
| (バトン) staff or truncheon for various purposes, as one of a conductor in musical performances, one transferred by runners in a relay race |
bane
66
| (加入する) agree; give consent, often at insistence of another; concede |
| (あいまい) unclear or doubtful in meaning |
| (悩み) something causes misery or death; curse; fatal injury or ruin |
| (扇動) aid, usually in doing something wrong; encourage |
banter
67
| (防波堤) earthwork or other strong defense; person who defends |
| (無気力) lack of caring; indifference |
| (冗談) good-humored, playful conversation |
| (悩み) something causes misery or death; curse; fatal injury or ruin |
baton
68
| (ほのめかす) refer casually or indirectly, or by suggestion |
| (似) comparable; similar or alike |
| (バトン) staff or truncheon for various purposes, as one of a conductor in musical performances, one transferred by runners in a relay race |
| (栄冠) attended by favorable circumstances; marked by success; prosperous |
belie
69
| (平凡) obvious and dull; commonplace; lacking originality |
| (裏切る) contradict; give a false impression |
| (がさつ) rude and clumsy in behavior; ungentlemanly; awkward in manners |
| (放棄) lacking restraint or control; feeling of extreme emotional intensity; unbounded enthusiasm |
bellicose
70
| (不協和音) discordant; inharmonious; sounding harshly; ill-sounding |
| (扇動) aid, usually in doing something wrong; encourage |
| (不利な) in opposing direction; harmful or unfavorable; acting or serving to oppose |
| (好戦) warlike or hostile in manner or temperament; showing or having impulse to be combative |
belligerent
71
| (栄誉) award of merit; expression of approval; praise |
| (disgruntle) abolish, do away with, or annul, especially by authority |
| (好戦) inclined or eager to fight; aggressive |
| (辛辣な) bitter and sharp in language, tone, or manner |
benevolent
72
| (ほのめかす) refer casually or indirectly, or by suggestion |
| (総) one who makes a practice of amusing others by low tricks, antic gestures; droll; mimic; clown |
| (慈悲) generous in providing aid to others; charitable |
| (辛辣な) bitter and sharp in language, tone, or manner |
besmirch
73
| (節制) sparing or moderation in eating and drinking; temperate |
| (放棄) lacking restraint or control; feeling of extreme emotional intensity; unbounded enthusiasm |
| (貴族) hereditary nobility; privileged class |
| (汚す) soil, smear so as to make dirty or stained |
biased
74
| (バイアス) favoring one person or side over another; prejudiced |
| (当たり障り) lacking stimulating or mild; agreeable |
| (疎外) cause to become unfriendly or hostile; transfer property or ownership; isolate or dissociate emotionally |
| (赤面させる) embarrass; make ashamed or uneasy; disconcert |
bizarre
75
| (奇妙) fantastic; violently contrasting; strangely unconventional in style or appearance |
| (逆境を) state of misfortune, hardship, or affliction; misfortune |
| (赤面させる) embarrass; make ashamed or uneasy; disconcert |
| (evenhanded) inform; give notice to; make aware |
bland
76
| (適性) inherent ability; quickness in learning and understanding |
| (乾燥) dry; lacking moisture, especially having insufficient rainfall to support trees or plants |
| (和やか) good-natured and likable; lovable; warmly friendly |
| (当たり障り) lacking stimulating or mild; agreeable |
blandishment
77
| (積極) making assaults; unjustly attacking; combative; hostile; tending to spread quickly |
| (明確) expressing oneself easily in clear and effective language |
| (甘言) flattery; speech or action expressive of affection or kindness, and tending to win the heart |
| (審美) elegant or tasteful; of or concerning appreciation of beauty or good taste |
blemish
78
| (和やか) good-natured and likable; lovable; warmly friendly |
| (傷) mark with deformity; injure or impair, as anything which is excellent; make defective, either the body or mind |
| (敵意) feeling of enmity or ill will; attitude that informs one's actions; disposition |
| (強化) make greater, as in size, extent, or quantity |
blight
79
| (積極) making assaults; unjustly attacking; combative; hostile; tending to spread quickly |
| (病) blast; prevent the growth and fertility of; destroy the happiness of; ruin; frustrate |
| (好戦) warlike or hostile in manner or temperament; showing or having impulse to be combative |
| (端折る) condense; shorten; reduce length of written text |
blithe
80
| (高慢ちきな) offensively self-assertive; liable to give or take offense; forward; pushing |
| (敵) opponent in contest; someone who offers opposition |
| (軽率) gay; joyous; carefree and lighthearted |
| (逆境を) state of misfortune, hardship, or affliction; misfortune |
bombastic
81
| (付属) feeling or showing a lack of interest or concern; indifferent |
| (栄誉) award of merit; expression of approval; praise |
| (大げさ) pompous; using inflated language; high-sounding but with little meaning |
| (アナーキー) absence of governing body; state of disorder; political disorder and confusion |
boorish
82
| (奇妙) fantastic; violently contrasting; strangely unconventional in style or appearance |
| (evenhanded) inform; give notice to; make aware |
| (アンチテーゼ) contrast; direct contrast; opposition |
| (がさつ) rude and clumsy in behavior; ungentlemanly; awkward in manners |
bucolic
83
| (裏切る) contradict; give a false impression |
| (牧歌) rustic; pastoral; agricultural; relating to country affairs, or to shepherd's life and occupation |
| (従順) responsive to advice or suggestion; responsible to higher authority; willing to comply with; agreeable |
| (防波堤) earthwork or other strong defense; person who defends |
buffoon
84
| (総) one who makes a practice of amusing others by low tricks, antic gestures; droll; mimic; clown |
| (防波堤) earthwork or other strong defense; person who defends |
| (強化) make greater, as in size, extent, or quantity |
| (賛同) expression of warm approval; praise |
bulwark
85
| (調停) person with power to decide a dispute; judge |
| (軽率) gay; joyous; carefree and lighthearted |
| (防波堤) earthwork or other strong defense; person who defends |
| (好戦) inclined or eager to fight; aggressive |
bumptious
86
| (和やか) good-natured and likable; lovable; warmly friendly |
| (積極) making assaults; unjustly attacking; combative; hostile; tending to spread quickly |
| (高慢ちきな) offensively self-assertive; liable to give or take offense; forward; pushing |
| (好戦) warlike or hostile in manner or temperament; showing or having impulse to be combative |
cabal
87
| (類推) similarity in some respects; comparison based on similarity |
| (軽率) gay; joyous; carefree and lighthearted |
| (秘密結社) small group of persons secretly united to promote their own interests |
| (奇妙) fantastic; violently contrasting; strangely unconventional in style or appearance |
cacophonous
88
| (退位) give up, renounce, abandon, lay down, or withdraw from, as a right or claim |
| (軽率) gay; joyous; carefree and lighthearted |
| (勤勉) constant in application or attention; diligent; unceasing or persistent |
| (不協和音) discordant; inharmonious; sounding harshly; ill-sounding |