美国高考SAT：语法 名词和冠词

依数分	可数名词	单数名词--名词前加	a
			an
		复数名词--名词后加	s
			es
	不可数名词--只有单数形且不加a/an

依种类分	普通名词、集合名词（可数名词）
	抽象名词、物质名词、专有名词（不可数名词）

School begins in September.  

There are three schools in this town.  

如: book, pencil, sweater 等

a book, books, my book. those books...

1. Whales are mammals. 

=>A whale is a mammal. 

=>The whale is a mammal. 

2. I met a boy. The boy had a ball in his hands. 

a. 单数,复数都可以

如: family, audience, class, club, company, crew, crowed, government, public, staff, team等

1. His family is a big one. 

His family are all tall. 

2. Our team has won the championship. 

The team were all excited. 

b. 复数形

如: police, cattle, people, poultry等

1. The police have caught him.  

2. Many people were angry at the case. 

c. 单数形

baggage, clothing, furniture, machinery, merchandise, poetry, scenery

1. fruit

fruit	a 表“水果总称”：不加冠词的单数形： fruit
	b 表“水果种类”	一种： a fruit
		两种以上：fruits
	c 表“成果、结果”：fruits

Do you eat much fruit? 

The potato is not a fruit but a vegetable. 

His success was the fruits of hard work. 

2. fish

fish	a 表“数量”	一条鱼： a fish
		两条以上：fish
	b 表“种类”	一种：a fish
		两种以上：fishes
	c 表“鱼肉”：fish

I caught three fish yesterday. 

There are a lot of fishes living in the sea.  

3. people

people	表“人们”：people
	表“国民,民族”	一个： a people
		两个以上：peoples

Ten people were injured in the accident. 

The Chinese are said to be an industrious people. 

4. hair

hair	表“全部”：hair
	表“一根根 ”： a hair/hairs

1. She has thick hair. 

2. He pulled out two white hairs. 

如: kindness, beauty, honesty等

a. 一般情形 --- 不加冠词，单数形

1. I like music. 

2. This is important information. 

b. 表“程度” --- 可加much, any, some, a little, little等

1. I have little hope of succeeding. 

2. I have a lot of homework to do. 

c. 表“限定” --- 可加 the

1. Necessity is the mother of invention. 

2. You should know the difficulty of learning how to drive a car. 

d. 数抽象名词时 --- 用 a piece of / an item of等

1. He gave me a wonderful piece of advice. 

2. She sent us an item of news. 

e. 表示个别行为事件时 --- 可加a/an,也可用复数形

1. The computer is a marvelous invention. 

2. I will tell you my views of the matter. 

f.

介系词 + 抽象名词	of + 抽象名词 = 形容词
	with + 抽象名词 = 副词

1. He is a man of ability. 

=>He is an able man. 

2. The information is of no value to me. 

=>The information is valueless to me. 



3. Mary passed the exam with ease. 

=>Mary passed the exam easily. 

其他用法

of importance = important adj.

with care = carefully adv.

on purpose = intentionally adv.

by accident = accidentally adv.

如: light, water, money等

A. 一般情况:不加冠词的单数形

This statue is made of stone. 

The crowed threw stones at the police. 

B. 限定量时可用some, a lot of, much等

1. I don’t need much money to buy than camera. 

2. We have little rain here. 

C. 特定的物品,可加冠词,代名词或所有格

1. This beef is from Australia. 

2. Let’s go to the liquor store. 

D. 将物质名词量化 数字 + ~ + of + 物质名词

1) 形状

a piece of chalk; a sheet of paper; a slice of bread

2) 容器

a bottle of cola; a glass of water; a cup of tea

3) 单位

A pound of butter; A liter of milk; A spoonful of sugar

A. 一般情形 开头字母大写,不加冠词无复数形

1. Dr.Jones photographed many wild animals in Africa. 

2. Henry walked down Bridge Street to save time. 

B. 加the的专有名词

1) 河川,海洋,海峡等 the Amazon, the Pacific Ocean

2) 船,列车 the Titanic, the MRT(台湾的捷运)



3) 公共建筑 the White House, the British Museum

4) 报纸,杂志 the Times, the Asahi 朝日新闻

C. 加不定冠词/复数形的专有名词

1. A Mr. Brown has come to see you.  一个叫brown的人来看你。

2. He is the Edison of Taiwan.  台湾的爱迪生。

3. My wife was a Smith.  Smith家族的人。

4. He has two Picassos.  他有两幅毕加索的画。

（1）规则变化

1) 字尾 s，x，ch，sh子音 + o => + es ：buses，boxes，churches，dishes，heroes

2) 字尾子音+y => 去 y + ies: cities，babies

3) 字尾f，fe => 去 f，fe + ves： leaves, wives

注意： Stomachs, pianos, photos, roofs, safes保险箱, beliefs信条

（2）不规则变化

1）. 常见不规则变化

Man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, child-children

2）. 单复同形

Japanese, Chinese, carp, sheep, deer, species

3）. 外来语的复数形

medium-media, crisis-crises, analysis-analyses, datum-data,幽默humor, 现代modern, 沙发sofa

4）. 文字,数字,简称的复数形

UFOs/UFO’s, the 80s/80’s八零年代, CDs/CD’s

5）. 复合名词

passer-by -> passers-by

College student -> college students

Woman astronaut -> women astronauts



重点

1. 单数,复数意思不同

paper纸 - papers文件； work工作 - works工厂；

part部分 - parts零件； water - waters水域,洪水；

ash灰 - ashes骨灰,房屋被烧后的残垣； force力 - forces军队；

custom风俗习惯 - customs关税； manner方法 - manners规矩 礼仪；

letter信 - letters文学； air空气 - airs装腔作势

2. 必用复数形

glasses眼睛, contact lenses隐形眼镜, trousers裤子, scissors剪刀, shoes鞋, socks袜子, gloves手套

3. 学科名称字尾为ics,但为单数形

mathematics, politics, physics, economics

4. 表金额,距离,时间, 用单数动词

One hundred dollars is enough to buy that jacket. 

Twenty miles is a long distance to run. 

Ten years is called “a decade”. 

三.名词的所有格

1. 单数名词 -- N's

Jim’s mom; the boy's hat

2. 复数名词 -- Ns'

A girls’ high school; April Fools’ Day

3. 不规则变化过的名词用N’s

Children’s toys; Men’s coats

4. 复合名词--最后一字加’s

My father-in-law’s hobbies 公公/岳父

Her boy friend’s birthday

5. 共同所有及个别所有

Jack’s and Peter’s fathers Jack的爸爸和Peter的爸爸

Jack and Peter’s room Jack和Peter共享的房间

6. 表时间,距离,重量,金额等名词 可用N’s/Ns’

ten minutes’ break 十分钟的休息 tomorrow’s weather 明天的天气



three miles’ distance 三英里的距离 a pound’s weight 一磅重

a dollar’s worth 一美元的价值

7. 表国名,地名>N’s/Ns’

the world’s population; Taiwan’s climate;

the United States’ future / America’s future

8. B of A => 无生命都可用 B of A

the roof of the church

the front of the building 那栋建筑的正面

注意

1. 这个问题的答案 => the answer(s) to the question.

那个比赛的门票 => the ticket(s) to that game

非常成功的关键 => the key to great success

2. 在门口那个男人的忠告

the advice of the man at the gate

重点:

表场所,建筑的名词在所有格通常省略

My mother went to the baker’s (shop). 

I’m going to the dentist’s (office) tomorrow. 

四.冠词

不定冠词a/an+可数单数名词 定冠词the+单数名词,复数名词,不可数名词

1. a和an的区别

子音开头的字 => a ：a table/a house

母音开头的字 => an ：an orange/an hour

2. the的发音

子音开头的字 => the plane

母音开头的字 => the artist

3. a/an的用法

a) 表示不特定的单数可数名词

Waiter, there is a fly in my soup. 

b) 话题中第一次提到的单数名词前

I saw a bird. The bird is flying in the sky. 

c) 表示“个”

Rome was not built in a day.