美国高考SAT：语法 动词不定式

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美国高考SAT：语法 动词不定式

不定词


不定词的用法
  • 名词用法--当主词, 补语, 受词
  • 形容词用法--当补语, 修饰名词
  • 副词用法--修饰动词, 副词, 形容词,表"目的" "原因" "结果"...
  1. I like to eat pizza. Speak
  2. Give me something to eat. Speak
  3. He went to that restaurant to eat pizza. Speak


一、不定词的名词用法
1、在同一时间取悦每个人是不可能的。

To please everyone at the same time is impossible. Speak

2、保护环境是重要的。

To protect the environment is important. Speak

重点一： 不定词当主词时，也可用假主词it代替。

  • To please everyone at the same time is impossible. Speak
  • It is impossible to please everyone at the same time. Speak
  • To protect environment is important. Speak
  • It is important to protect the environment. Speak

重点二： 表明不定词意义上的主词时，在不定词前加for。

  • It is impossible for me to please everyone at the same time. Speak
  • It is important for all of us to protect the environment. Speak

重点三： It’s + 形容词(表人格特质) + of 人 + to V ~

1、 It’s dangerous for children to play on the street. Speak

2、你真好来为我送行。
  • You are kind to see me off. Speak
  • It’s kind of you to see me off. Speak
  • I was stupid to do such a thing. Speak
  • It’s stupid of me to do such a thing. Speak
    


重点四： 不定词的否定形：not to V

1、不依赖别人是成功的最佳途径。

Not to depend on others is the best way to success. Speak

当补语--位于be词之后
  • A doctor’s duty is to take care of sick people.  Speak
  • His fault is to talk too much. Speak
当受词
  • We decided to put off the meeting. Speak
  • My son needs to see a dentist. Speak

重点 疑问词+toV=>名词片语

1. 如何削减经费是一大问题。

How to reduce the costs is a big problem ?  Speak

2. The problem is where we should set up the tent. Speak

3. I don’t know whether to laugh or get angry. Speak

二、不定词的形容词用法
1. Amy 是唯一记住我生日的人。

Amy was the only person to remember my birthday. Speak

2. 在日本我没有机会说英文。

I didn’t have a chance to speak English in Japan. Speak

重点: (代)名词 + 不定词 + 介系词 的形式中，不定词前的(代)名词为介系词的受词

  • I have to take care of my parents. Speak
  • I have parents to take care of. Speak
  • I cut it with a knife. Speak
  • I want a knife to cut it with. Speak

重点: 修饰名词的不定词可用关系代名词表示。

  • I’m looking for someone to help me. Speak
  • I’m looking for someone who will help me. Speak
  • Do you have anything to write with. Speak
  • Do you have anything which I/you can write with. Speak


三、不定词的副词用法
表目的，表“为了”
  • He went to Germany to study music. Speak
  • He went to Germany in order to/so as to study music. Speak
The windows was open a few inches to keep the air circulating. Speak

    


表原因，跟在表示感情的形容词之后
1. 看到这一幕我很震惊.

I was shocked to see the scene. Speak

2. 看到它我们不禁笑了。

We could not but laugh to see it. Speak

表结果，有时会伴随only、never，有“失望”之意
1. He awoke in the middle of the night to see him softly go out of the room. Speak

2. 我们被分开再也无法见到彼此。

We were separated never to see each other again. Speak

3. 警察赶到那栋房子，结果只发现它已经空无一人。

The police hurried to the house only to find (that) it was empty. Speak

表条件，用来修饰假设语气的主要子句
  • To hear him talk on the phone, you would take him for his brother. Speak
  • If you heard him talk on the phone, you would take him for his brother. Speak
  • I would give you anything to go to the concert. Speak
  • I would give you anything if I could go to the concert. Speak

重点: 表 “难、易” 形容词 + to V

1. 诗很难翻译。

Poetry is hard to translate. Speak

2. 这规则很容易记。

This rule is easy to remember. Speak

重点: “be动词 + 形容词 + 不定词” 的惯用表现

1. be apt to (易于...的)

我们容易犯错。

We are apt to make mistake. Speak

2. be ready to (愿意...;易于...)

I am ready to help you. Speak 我很乐意帮你的忙。

He is too ready to suspect anything. Speak

3.be willing to (乐意)

I am willing/glad to come with you. Speak

4. be eager to (渴望)

He is eager to see you. Speak

5. be likely to (可能)

It is likely to rain soon. Speak

6. be anxious to (急着想要)

He is anxious to go abroad. Speak

    


重点: enough to V (够...可以...)=> ~ so ~ that + S + (can) ~

1. 她好心让位给我。
  • She was kind enough to offer me her seat. Speak
  • She was so kind that she offered me her seat. Speak
2.我有足够的收入可以养你。
  • I have an enough income to support you. Speak
  • I have a sufficient income to support you. Speak

重点: too ~ to V (太...而不能) = so ~ that + S + can’t

这张床对我而言太小无法睡。
  • The bed is too small for me to sleep in. Speak
  • The bed is so small that I can’t sleep in. Speak
  • I am only too glad to help you. Speak
  • I am very glad to help you. Speak
He is not too proud to ask questions of others. Speak
  • He is too wise not to see the reason. Speak
  • He is so wise that he cannot but see the reason. Speak

重点: so ~ as to V => so ~ that + S ~

1.他气得说不出话来。
  • He was so angry that he was unable to speak. Speak
  • He was so angry as to be unable to speak. Speak
2.我没有笨到去相信他。
  • I am not so foolish to trust him. Speak
  • I am not such a fool to trust him. Speak
四、S + V + O + to V
表希望; 期待 — like，want，wish，expect 等
1. I want you to tell the truth. Speak

2. I didn’t expect her to be absent. Speak

表许可 — allow，permit
1. Please allow me to introduce my wife, Rosaline. Speak

    


2. Mother didn’t permit her to go to the movie alone. Speak

表思考，认识 — think，believe，consider，find，recognize 等
  • We believe him to be honest. Speak
  • We believe he is honest. Speak
  • I thought the idea practical. Speak
  • I thought the idea is practical. Speak
表依赖；建议；要求；命令 — tell，advise，order，ask，request，require，force，persuade，get，cause(使得)，teach，beg 等
  • The doctor advised him to stop smoking. Speak
  • I persuaded him to go with me. Speak


五、S + V + O + 原形不定词
感官动词之后: feel，see，watch，look at，notice，observe，hear，listen to
  • I felt my heart beat violently. Speak
  • I saw the boy put a chocolate in his pocket. Speak

重点: 感官动词在被动语态中要用 to 不定词

  • The police officer watched the children cross the road. Speak
  • The children were watched by the police officer to cross the road. Speak
  • The children were watched to cross the road by the police officer. Speak
使役动词之后: make(强迫)，have(依赖，拜托)，let(让)，bid(命令)
1.那位妈妈叫这男孩关掉电视。

The mom made the boy turn off the TV. Speak

2.老师让学生回家。

The teacher let the pupils go home. Speak

重点: 使役动词 get ~ + to不定词

I got him to repair the radio. Speak

重点: 使役动词help ~ to 不定词 / 原形不定词

Can you help me put up the tent ? Speak

重点: 使役动词make 在被动语态中用 to不定词

  • The teacher made the students try again. Speak
  • The students were made by the teacher to try again. Speak
  • The students were made to try again by the teacher. Speak


六、S + V(find, think, make, consider...) + it + C + to不定词

  • She found that it is impossible to understand him. Speak
  • She found it impossible to understand him. Speak
我认为说谎是不对的。

I think it wrong to tell a lie. Speak

我认为弄丢手表是你太粗心。

I think it too careless of you to lose the watch. Speak

他习惯早睡早起。

He makes it a rule to keep good hours. Speak

    


七、seem (appear 似乎, happen 碰巧, prove 结果就成了这样... 等) + to V;
seem(appear) to V 似乎~
S + seem(appear) + to V / 形容词 => It seems(appears) + that + S + V
1. 我的狗似乎了解我说的话。
  • My dog seems to understand what I said. Speak
  • It seems that my dog understands what I said. Speak
2.小朋友们似乎很喜欢他们的礼物。
  • The children appeared pleased with their presents. Speak
  • It appeared that the children were pleased with their presents. Speak
人 + happen (chance) to V ~ 碰巧~ (注意：主词必须是人)
我碰巧在车站遇见我的一位朋友。

I happened to meet one of my friends at the station. Speak

事 + happen(发生) to + 人
  • What happened to you? Speak
  • Something happened to him. Speak (事情当主词happen 翻译成:发生)
prove (turn out) to V ~ 结果是~，证明是~
那谣言证明是真的。
  • The rumor proved to be true. Speak
  • It turned out that the rumor was true. Speak
come(get) to V ~ 变得 ~
你会变得喜欢这小镇。

You will come to like this town. Speak

八、beV + to 不定词
表预定 => 打算要做~
会议预定在星期三举行。

The meeting is to be held on Wednesday. Speak

表义务 => 必须；不得不(should)
  • Rules are to be observed. Speak
  • You are to start as early as possible. Speak
    


表可能 => 能够
否定句中常用被动语态
1.天上看不到一朵云。

Not a cloud was to be seen in the sky. Speak

2.街上毫无人影。

Nobody was to be seen on the street. Speak

表命运 => 有...的命运
他再也没有看到他妻子和家人了。

He was never to see his wife and family again. Speak

表意图 => 想要; 打算… (=>intend)
通常采用 if 子句，而主要子句中以 must，need，necessary 等字来表示“必要”。
如果你想要成功，你就必须更加努力.

If you are to succeed, you must study harder. Speak

九、不定词的被动态，进行式，完成不定式
不定词的被动态 => to be P.P.
  • I like to teach. Speak 我喜欢教书。
  • I like to be taught. Speak 我喜欢被教导。
  • There is a lot to do yet. Speak 还有很多事情要做。
  • There is a lot to be done yet. Speak 还有很多事情要做。
不定词的进行式 => to be Ving
他们似乎正在等我们。

They seem to be waiting for us. Speak

完成不定式 => to have P.P.
表示比述语动词 (表示时态的那个动词) 更早的时间
  • The child seems to be sick. Speak
  • It seems that the child is sick. Speak
这孩子似乎生着病。
  • The child seems to have been sick. Speak
  • It seems that the child was sick.
这个小朋友之前有生过病。
  • He seemed to have spent the money. Speak
  • It seemed that he had spent the money. Speak.
他似乎早就把钱花光了。

在can’t, couldn’t 之后表否定推测；在must 之后表肯定推测
  • They couldn’t have been on strike. Speak
  • Her mom must have been seriously ill (then). Speak
在should(助动词)，ought to(助动词片语)都表示“应该”之后，表示未能实现的事
1. You should have seen it. Speak => You didn’t see it.

2. You ought to have kept your words. Speak => You didn’t keep your words.

intend , wish , would like (都是表“想要”)等动词后 => 未实现
1. I intended to have written to you. Speak 我昨天本来打算写信给你的。

2. I expected him to have helped me with the work. Speak 我原本期望他能帮我做这个工作的。

    


十、特别要注意的不定词用法
代不定词
  • You don’t have to eat it if you don’t want to. Speak
  • A: How about coming to our house ?  Speak
  • B: I’d like to if I won’t be any trouble. Speak
分离不定词
1. I wish to utterly forget my past. Speak 我希望(完全地)忘记我的过去。

2. She made up her mind never to return. Speak 她下定决心绝不回去。

独立不定词
  • to speak strictly (严格来说)
  • to be frank (with you) 坦白说
  • to begin with (一开始)
  • to tell the truth (老实说)
  • o be honest (诚实说)
  • to make matters worse (更糟的是)
  • to be sure (的确)
  • not to say + 形容词 (即使不能说是…)
1.一开始，我要跟你说说我的个性。

To begin with, I’ll tell you about my character. Speak

2.天气很冷，更糟的是，天空又开始下起雨来。

It was cold, to make matters worse, it began to rain. Speak

3.他会说法语和德语，更不用说英语了。

He can speak French and German, to say nothing of English. Speak

4.说这样的话，即使不能说是疯狂，也是愚蠢的。

It would be foolish, not to say crazy, to say such a thing. Speak

十一、不定词的惯用表现


had better + VR(原形不定词) => 最好
我们最好别说。

We had better leave it unsaid. Speak

would rather + VR ~ than + VR => 宁愿…而不愿
would(=>had) sooner + VR ~ than + VR => 宁愿…而不愿
我宁愿和你去也不愿独自待在这里。

I would rather go with you than stay here alone. Speak

do nothing but + VR => 什么都不做只…
他整天什么都不做只是吃.

He did nothing but eat all day. Speak

choose / want / expect / desire + nothing bu to V => 除了…其他什么都不想
她除了平静地生活其他都不想。

She desires nothing but to live peacefully. Speak

cannot but + VR => 不得不~; 忍不住
cannot help + Ving => 不得不~; 忍不住
cannot help but + VR => 不得不~; 忍不住
当我听到这个消息，忍不住哭了起来。
  • When I heard the news, I couldn’t but cry. Speak
  • When I heard the news, I couldn’t help crying. Speak
  • When I heard the news, I couldn’t help but cry. Speak
have only to V => 只要做…就行
  • You have only to follow his counsel. Speak
  • All you have to do is follow his counsel. Speak
used to V => 以前习惯…；过去经常
我父亲以前常吸烟，但现在不抽了。

My father used to smoke, but now he doesn’t. Speak
be used to Ving => 习惯…
I am used to staying up late at night. Speak 我习惯熬夜熬得很晚。